:: LEX :: ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF LAND RELATIONS UNDER THE LAWS  OF UKRAINE AND POLAND
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ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF LAND RELATIONS UNDER THE LAWS OF UKRAINE AND POLAND
 
28.06.2022 19:24
Автор: Tsvigun Iryna, сandidate of Law Sciences, senior lecturer of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of Law Faculty of West Ukrainian National University
[Секція 5. Господарське право. Господарське процесуальне право. Екологічне право. Земельне право. Аграрне право. Фінансове право. Банківське право]

Analyzing the regulations in the field of land relations in Ukraine and Poland, we can notice their special emphasis on the regulation of land relations by civil law, which include codified acts - the Civil Code [3] of Poland and the Civil Code of Ukraine [4], also a number of other laws are applied.

As a feature, the use in the Ukrainian legislation of the Land Code of Ukraine [5], which is the main legal act that formulates the principles and determines the basic mechanisms for exercising the right to land by legal entities and individuals, the state or local community. At the same time, according to the legislation of Poland, the Law of August 21, 1997 on Real Estate Management [6], the Law of July 14, 1961 on Land Management in Cities and Housing Areas [7] is a certain equivalent of the Land Code of Ukraine.

Also, in the Ukrainian and Polish legislation there is a single approach, arising from the natural properties of land, in the formation of the basics of regulation of land relations by category of land - the main purpose of its usage. According to Art. 19 of the Land Code of Ukraine, are allocated such lands as "agricultural; land for housing and public buildings; lands of nature reserves and other nature protection purposes; health-improving lands; recreational lands; lands of historical and cultural purpose; forestry lands; water fund lands; lands of industry, transport, electronic communications, energy, defense and other purposes "[5]. According to the legislation of Poland, the categorical peculiarity is evidenced by the Law of February 3, 1995 on the protection of agricultural and forest lands [8], the Law on Nature Protection of April 16, 2004 [9], the Law of July 20, 2017 on Water Law [10] , The Forest Act of September 28, 1991 [11] and a number of other regulations.

It should be noted that in the Ukrainian legislation, as well as in the Polish, there are special regulations governing certain institutions of land relations. In Ukraine, in addition to the Land Code of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine "On Land Management" [12], "On Land Protection" [13], "On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine" [14], "On Regulation of Urban Development" [15], "On the State Land Cadastre" [16], "On the state registration of real rights to immovable property and their encumbrances" [17], "On the national structure of geospatial data" [18] are applied to land legal relations.

The Law of March 27, 2003 on Planning and Spatial Development [19] and the Law on Land Consolidation and Exchange approved in March 1982 [20] are determinant for Polish legislation. It should be noted that in the Ukrainian legal reality the issues of consolidation of agricultural lands and their circulation remain in the field of legal discourse, and the first step in regulating legal relations in the direction of circulation can be considered the 2020 Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on conditions of circulation of agricultural lands "[21]. 

Detailing the legal regulation of land relations in the comparative aspect, it is advisable to outline different interpretations of the concept of land as an object of real estate in the case of its encumbrance of property or harvest. Thus, according to Article 48 of the Civil Code [3] - the land includes, in particular, buildings and other permanent devices attached to the ground, as well as trees and other plants from the moment of planting or sowing, while the Civil Code of Ukraine [4] defines land plot as a separate object, provided that there is property, according to Article 120 of the Land Code of Ukraine [5] there is a transfer of rights separately to the building and land, while the property is not a structural part of the land and is a separate object, but with a single legal share. This approach influenced the formation of the legal basis for the regulation of land relations and certain approaches to the structure of land as a real estate object.

In general, the analysis of current regulations shows that each of the states has formed approaches to the settlement of land relations, national features of the legislation are built on the declared basis in the Constitutions of Ukraine and Poland. 

Currently, the legislation of Ukraine and Poland is changing, which contributes to the rapid development of digital technologies and globalization processes in the world and in Europe. At the same time, changes in Ukrainian legislation are related to the military events in Ukraine and the intention to enter the European community as an equal partner.

Literature:

1. Constitution of Ukraine of June 8, 1996, URL:https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/

2. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (with a foreword by Volodymyr Shapoval) / V.M. Shapoval - K .: Moskalenko O.M., 2018. - 82 p. URL: http://pol-translit.com/upload/konstitutsiya-polshchi-na-01_2018-v_-shapoval.pdf 

3. Civil Code of 23 April 1964 URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19640160093/U/D19640093Lj.pdf 

4. Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003 № 435-IV URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15#Text 

5. Land Code of Ukraine of October 25, 2001 № 2768-III URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2768-14#Text

6. Law of 21 August 1997 on real estate management URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19971150741/U/D19970741Lj.pdf  

7. Law of July 14, 1961 on land management in cities and residential areas URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19610320159 

8. Law of 3 February 1995 on the protection of agricultural and forest lands.URL: https://geoportal.pgi.gov.pl/css/powiaty/2015/ustawy/4_ustawa_o_ochronie_gruntow_rolnych_lesnych.pdf    

9. Law on Nature Protection of April 16, 2004. URL: https://eli.gov.pl/eli/DU/2004/880/ogl 

10. Law of July 20, 2017 - Water Law. URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20210000624 

11. The Forest Act of 28 September 1991. URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20210001275 

12. Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" of May 22, 2003 № 858-IV URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/858-15#Text 

13. Law of Ukraine "On Land Protection" of June 19, 2003 № 962-IV URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/962-15#Text 

14. Law of Ukraine "On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine" of June 16, 1992 № 2456-XII URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2456-12#Text 

15. Law of Ukraine "On Regulation of Urban Development" February 17, 2011 № 3038-VI URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3038-17#Text

16. Law of Ukraine "On the State Land Cadastre" of July 7, 2011 № 3613-VI URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3613-17#Text 

17. Law of Ukraine “On State Registration of Real Rights to Immovable Property and Their Encumbrances” of July 1, 2004 № 1952-IV URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1952-15#Text 

18. Law of Ukraine "On the national structure of geospatial data": 

19. Law of 27 March 2003 on Planning and Spatial Development URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu20030800717 

20. Law of 26 March 1982 on the consolidation and exchange of land. URL: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19820110080 

21. Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Conditions of Circulation of Agricultural Lands" of March 31, 2020 № 552-IX URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/552-20 #Text



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